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What you need to know about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that stands for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and sometimes called ADD (attention deficit disorder). It is very common and affects millions of children worldwide. ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood but can also last well into adulthood. However, a diagnosis of ADHD does not mean your child’s potential is curbed – in fact, many people with ADHD are successful, happy and fulfilled individuals.


What does ADHD look like?


It’s very normal for children to have short attention spans, act without thinking, have what feels like too much energy (especially for tired parents), and get fidgety at the dinner table.


However, as a young child grows to the age of four or five, they can typically pay attention to others, sit quietly when told to, and control some of their impulsive behaviour.


ADHD makes it quite difficult for a child to control their spontaneous responses and actions, and this can affect everything from movement to attention and even speech. A child with ADHD might:

  • Fidget or lose things often
  • Talk too much
  • Daydream a lot
  • Take unnecessary risks
  • Make careless mistakes
  • Have trouble taking turns
  • Find it difficult to resist temptation
  • Have difficulty getting along with others.

 

While these can be expected in all children at one point or another, a child with ADHD doesn’t grow out of these behaviours. They continue, can be quite severe, and cause trouble with a child’s home or school life and relationships.

As a result of all this, you can also understand how a child with ADHD might struggle with low self-esteem and feel ‘not good enough’. It’s important to support an ADHD child with love and empathy while teaching them strategies to cope, because they can be successful.


There are three types of ADHD


Sometimes the symptoms of ADHD can be noticeable up as early as 3 years old, but it’s usually picked up before the age of 12. It is more common in boys than girls, and different genders tend to exhibit different symptoms – boys could be more hyperactive and girls more quiet and inattentive. What’s more, the symptoms can be anything from mild to severe; it’s a spectrum that manifests in three different ways.

 

1.   Predominantly inattentive, where most of the symptoms relate to inattention and a child may:


  • Be easily distracted or get bored with a task before completing it – they have trouble staying focused.
  • Seem to not listen when spoken to.
  • Not pay attention to details or make careless mistakes.
  • Find it difficult to remember things and follow instructions.
  • Have trouble planning ahead or staying organised.
  • Lose or misplace books, clothing, toys and other belongings often.

 

2.   Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, where a child is always moving or has issues with self-control and may:


  • Constantly fidget or squirm, where even if forced to sit still their foot is tapping, their leg is shaking, their fingers are drumming, etc.
  • Find it difficult to relax or play quietly.
  • Move around constantly, even running or climbing on things inappropriately.
  • Talk a lot, excessively.
  • Lose their temper easily, having a short fuse.
  • Find it difficult to regulate their emotions, making temper tantrums and angry outbursts common.
  •  Interrupt conversations, or intrude on others’ space or games.
  • Act without thinking.
  • Guess or blurt out answers in class without taking the time to solve a problem, listen to the full question, or be called upon for the answer.
  • Say the wrong thing at the wrong time – ask irrelevant or too-personal questions, or make tactless observations.
  • Be moody or overly needy, often coming across as disrespectful.

 

3.   Combination, where both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are exhibited.


I think my child has ADHD. What do I do?


It’s very important to get a diagnosis of ADHD from a professional, because it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish between the symptoms of ADHD and typical “child behaviour”. Any child could show one of the above symptoms at any point, and it not be ADHD. What’s more, other medical and psychological conditions and life stressors can cause symptoms that look like ADHD, like learning disorders, mood disorders, reactions to trauma, even brain injury.


So, if you suspect your child might have ADHD, make sure you speak to your paediatrician or family doctor first. They should refer you to child specialist for a full diagnosis, such a paediatric neurologist, psychologist or specialist paediatrician.


If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, know that effective treatment is a combination of behavioural therapy, parent education, social and school assistance, and sometimes medication. It takes a n all-round approach to help a child cope with ADHD and learn strategies for success, and medication shouldn’t be the sole treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These could include occupational, play or psychological therapy, implementing a good diet and exercise plan, and minimising distractions at home and in the class.


There are positives:


A child with ADHD is not less intelligent or talentless – your child is an individual with limitless potential even with a diagnosis of ADHD. A child with ADHD is never boring; they have lively personalities and can be a lot of fun to be around.

In fact, people with ADHD are incredibly creative and imaginative. Always having a thousand thoughts at once can enable a child to problem-solve not only successfully but also innovatively.


Because they’re usually considering a lot of options at once, people with ADHD are often open to considering different ideas and can be quite resilient and flexible as a result. They are interested in a lot of different things and, when motivated or engaged with something that interests them, they work and play hard and strive to succeed.


Just like with any child, unlocking a person with ADHD’s potential is all about acknowledging them as an individual with strengths, and enabling them with the tools they need to lean on these strengths for success.


Parenting a child with ADHD


Parenting a child with ADHD can feel overwhelming, challenging and frustrating. Sometimes it even feels like your child is in control of everything. But, there are strategies that you, as a parent, can implement that will help create an environment of communication, structure and support for all.


Stick to a routine


Knowing what to expect from the day helps your child feel safe and focused. Structure is key, so try to stick to a daily routine, even over weekends. Try to keep it simple and easy to follow, with healthy activities (and not a lot of TV or screen time).


Keep things organised


Help your child by keeping their toys, clothing, belongings in consistent places around the house. Knowing where things are helps to create structure. It’s also a good idea to cut down on distractions in the home, so be sure to turn the TV or radio off when not needed.


Help your child eat right


Regular, healthy meals and snacks offered every three hours help to maintain structure and give your child’s body the nutrients it needs to function. Cut down on sugary food and drinks, as well as junk food.


Exercise and sleep are important


Physical activity is not just important for grownups – staying active helps to improve focus and promotes brain growth. It also improves sleep quality. Both have a huge effect on a child with ADHD.


Set clear expectations


Always provide clear, simple instructions when communicating. Make sure your child knows how you expect them to behave and set clear boundaries or rules. Then, make it very clear what the consequences are when they are followed and broken, and follow through every time with a reward or consequence. Again, consistency is key.


Focus on the positive


Support your child in their areas of strength and help them recognise their talents and abilities – encourage every good behaviour or action. Reward them with praise (or small gifts when appropriate) when they’re doing the right thing.


Find help when you need it


Taking care of yourself is also important, so that you’re able to take better care of your child. So, make sure you’re also eating right, exercising and getting enough sleep. Find ways to reduce stress and create a support network of family, friends,, teachers and professionals. You are not alone in this! There are also local organisations you can access resources and support from, such as adhasa.co.za and adhdinsight.co.za


03 May, 2024
Change Artist School : Crawford International Sandton Year : 1997 Deborah Weber, an alumna of Crawford International Sandton, is an inspiration in the realm of contemporary art. Known for her collaborative art projects and installations, her creativity not only calls for social justice, but it also transcends boundaries, ignites conversations, and drives change. How did Crawford International influence your journey as an artist, and advocate for social justice? My formative years at Crawford International Sandton were instrumental in shaping my perspective on the world. The school's commitment to fostering critical thinking and nurturing individuality and creativity provided me with a platform to explore complex issues. There were always engaging discussions, mentorship from inspiring teachers, and exposure to new ways of thinking. This all led to creative expression. When did you decide that art would be your career choice? Discovering my passion for art and drama at Crawford, I decided then to pursue a career in the arts. After school I enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where I completed my master’s in fine arts. Your art often tackles pressing social issues. How do you approach the intersection of art and social justice in your work? For me, art serves as a powerful medium to challenge systemic injustices, provoke meaningful dialogue and catalyse change. As a young artist I focussed on performance and video installation, and over the past decade I’ve been working in collaboration with groups of artists on projects that shed light on important issues, such as: social injustice, land restitution, gender-based violence, and environmental degradation. The works ask viewers to confront uncomfortable truths and to ask difficult questions. Our projects have been exhibited at Museums across the country and internationally! What advice would you give your 17-year-old self? If I could go back, I’d tell my younger self to trust in her own voice and not be afraid to fail. It's easy to feel uncertain about the future but true fulfilment comes from staying true to yourself and following your passions. I would encourage her to cultivate resilience and to try working in different mediums. She must experiment and play! Can you tell us about your latest artistic project and series? During the isolation imposed by Covid, I had to turn inward and focus on my own solo artistic practice. My current body of work emerged from that introspection, and I now have a more individual approach to connecting with viewers and their emotions. In this approach, the methods of automatism and automatic drawing became an important mechanism for me, and I have explored new mediums of painting and ceramics in this regard. What messages do you hope to convey through this body of work? I want to explore the emotional potential held by art which enables the viewer to access states of being in the unconscious mind. The “feeling individual” is never an island, but is always part of a larger community. My work aims to gives shape to emotional states, either in response to events in the wider social or political environment or from a deeply personal inner world. In this body of work the viewer becomes the interlocutor between the unconscious; a world of meaning and own emotion. The works are mostly playful, sometimes menacing, irreverent, vibrant or perplexing, but all ask the viewer to experience the power of their own emotional responses to the works. Who are you, outside the fine lines of artistry? I enjoy spending time with loved ones, that includes my amazing husband, son and family. We love to spend time in nature and travel and hiking are our favourite past times. I believe in living a life guided by compassion and curiosity, both in my work and in my everyday interactions. What’s next for you as an artist? I’ve recently had an exhibition of paintings and ceramics called ‘Field of Possibility” in Cape Town. Also, our collaborative project (on gender based violence) with the Keiskamma Art Project called Ubumbano/Unite was held at the Nelson Mandela Art Museum. As an artist, I'm constantly evolving and exploring new avenues for creative expression and activism. Moving forward, I will continue creating work that explores the emotional potentiality between the artist, the artwork and the viewer. I will also continue to evolve my painting and ceramic practice. Last word of motivation for future generation of Crawfordians? Embrace curiosity, diversity, and kindness. Challenge norms, lead with empathy, and don’t be afraid to fail - failure means you have tried something new and can teach us more about ourselves. Use your education to create positive change. Dream big, act boldly, and shape a future where compassion reigns. The world awaits your extraordinary gifts. More information on the artist: Website: www.deborahweberart.com Instagram: @deborahweberart
25 Apr, 2024
In a recent Crawford International blog, we delved into the topic of temperament in children. We described ‘temperament’ as a person’s inner nature, which affects their overall behaviour. We also explained that temperament makes up only part of a person’s larger personality and we identified the four different types of temperament, including: phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and sanguine. In that blog, we focussed on the characteristics of the high performing Choleric Child. Click here to read our blog called, Choleric Children: Diving into the dominant personality. This blog is the second instalment in the temperament series and focuses on the Sanguine child aka Little Miss or Mr Social. Outline of the sanguine temperament The sanguine child is the most social of all the temperaments. They are not only a ray of sunshine in any room, but they are also the main source of fun in any social situation. Sanguine children are often the social glue that binds different personalities. They are usually popular and have many friends, spanning different social groups. Sanguine children are also extremely observant. They notice small details of other people. “Are those new earrings Auntie Claire?,” or “It looks like you are limping, did you hurt yourself?” are typical statements to come out of a sanguine child. They have a way of making everyone they come across feel seen and important, and it’s because of this that they are so well-liked. Core traits of a sanguine child Confident Optimistic Talkative Extroverted Influential Inspirational Creative Fun Poor concentration Impulsive Disorganised Tips on how to support a sanguine child Because the sanguine child is so much fun to be around, they tend to get away with a lot. Their yearning for adventure often means they find it hard to knuckle down and do their work. They often neglect to plan and find it hard to concentrate. When things don’t go their way, they will charm you with their personalities and “help” you forget their flaws. They are known as the “charming child”. Here are some tips on how to support a sanguine child: Parents and teachers need to offer the sanguine child structure and routine – which they initially battle to put together themselves. The more simple the routine, the easier a sanguine child will stick to it. You will however need to monitor their progress and encourage consistency. This will help them organise their work and their lessons better, which will ultimately aid in better results. Going hand in hand with the structure and routine support, comes outlining clear expectations for your sanguine child. Setting rules and boundaries for them, and being consistent with your discipline, will help them to be more disciplined in their own work. They will then develop self-control and will therefore attain their goals. Parents and teachers need to allow the sanguine child to be creative . Give them opportunities to lead in areas of visual arts and music. Allow them to create lesson plans for the class, or to lead a section or topic, encouraging them to make it fun for the class. This is what they are good at, and they will be learning as they go. Compartmentalise larger tasks! Sanguine children get distracted easily and lose concentration quickly. If you break large projects into smaller tasks then it will make it easier for the sanguine child to tackle the work. Sanguine children like fun . So, make it fun! At Crawford International we pride ourselves on offering other ways of learning. Using games, visual aids, songs, re-enactments and even practical tasks to share knowledge. Sanguine children love praise – especially in front of their peers. Giving positive reinforcement will build you child’s confidence, and this will flow to their peers. Sanguine children always use their positivity to build others up around them. In conclusion, sanguine children are a joy to teach and to parent. Remember to have a little patience, understanding and creativity, and your sanguine child will thrive and they will absolutely reach their full potential.
Discover effective revision techniques to reduce exam stress and enhance your performance. Start aci
12 Apr, 2024
How To Reduce Exam Stress Through Revision Did you know that studying and revision are two different things? In a nutshell, ‘studying’ refers to the initial exposure a student has to the course material. This happens in the classroom or by reading the textbook. Revision, however, is what happens after the initial study happens and relates to strategies or techniques used to visit and revisit the course material at consistent intervals, in order to gain a deeper understanding and easier recall. The 2,3,5,7 revision method This method refers to the intervals at which revision is done, after the initial learning has taken place. Day 2 and day 3 are revision days of the learning achieved on Day 1. Day 4 is a rest day, while Day 5 you re-visit the work. Day 6 is another rest day, and finally Day 7 is your last re-visit opportunity before you write your exam. These revision sessions should not take more than 45 minutes, with a 15-minute break. Planning your revision will ensure that you get what you need done, instead of ‘wandering’ about the content aimlessly. You can use various revision strategies to help you learn the course material in different ways. What are some revision strategies? Did you know there is ‘Active’ revision and ‘Passive’ revision? Passive revision is simply reading the course material, typing out neat notes, and highlighting sentences. This is very simplistic and not enough to get the information into your memory. Active revision, on the other hand, is a more energetic approach and uses different methods to learn and understand the content. Here are some handy revision methods: In the Past: Past papers are a fantastic way to simulate an actual exam while testing your knowledge of the coursework. First, do the test as if it’s a live exam. Then test your answers against your own notes. Once you are sure of your answers, mark yourself against the memo. On the cards: Flash cards (and colourful sticky notes) are great for active revision because you have to take the comprehensive information and condense it into a single card or note. This requires understanding of the work. Comfort in numbers: Grab some friends and create a pop-up study group. Not only will others keep you motivated, but they will also be your sounding board as you teach them concepts (without your notes) and they can also act as a guide if you are stuck on some material. Rap it: The same way song words stick in your head, if you add a melody or a rhyme to information, you will remember the facts more easily. For instance: ‘Wishy-washy on his own, signed it was a whale bone’. A silly rhyme to remember that George Washington, signed the Treaty of Independence in Nantucket (home of the whale) – for example. Rest it: You simply cannot revise all the time! It’s exhausting and unproductive. Build some flexibility into your revision plan because self-care is important to learning. Sleep, eat, revise, play and repeat. Setup a Revision Timetable So now you know what you need to do, create a timetable to manage your revision slots. Start with a blank month page and add the following to your timetable: Fixed activities. This includes school time, sport practices and matches, family commitments , etc. Flexibles activities. This includes exercise, chores, socialising, meal times and games. Hot hours. Analyse when you work best, such as in the morning or the night. Steal open hours this time because that’s when you’ll get the best quality revision done. Exam Dates. Once you’ve added your assessment dates, work backwards from those dates to make sure you have enough revision time. How much time is enough time? Remember our 2,3,5,7 method above, featuring 45 minute slots with a 15 minute break? Apply that method as best you can and soon it will become clear if you have enough time or not. Tricky first. For each of your subjects, write down the main topics or sections. Now rate how confident you are in those topics. The topics you are least confident in should be the ones you tackle first, practise longest, and the ones you re-visit most often. Now that you have some sort of structure to your revision, start today! That one hour you would’ve spent lying in the bath watching reels can now be spent revising one section for 45 minutes, and then you can lie in the bath for the remaining 15 minutes. Take responsibility and plan well. Crawford International students please know this: we understand that exam time can be stressful. We believe that if you simply revise your work (as stated above), then you will alleviate your exam anxiety. Remember too that we are all here to help you if you are struggling. All you have to do is ask.
05 Apr, 2024
Choleric Children: Diving Into The Dominant Personality Have you ever heard anyone say, “He has such a lovely temperament” or, “She can be very temperamental?” Have you ever wondered what that really means? The dictionary will tell you that temperament is a person’s nature or consistent behaviour. The important thing to remember, however, is that temperament makes up only part of a person’s larger personality. At Crawford International, we are aware that all children have different personality types and different temperaments, and we strive to teach all of them in the way that they will learn best, a personalised learning journey. There are four identified temperaments. They are: phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine, and choleric. A phlegmatic temperament is one found in an easy-going child, They are usually very relaxed, contemplative, and often shy. The phlegmatic child is a peace-loving soul who would rather be left to their own devices than to be stirred into action. A melancholic child is a deep thinker and a sensitive soul. They are extremely averse to risk and challenge and rather look at a situation with compassion and understanding. The sanguine temperament is the most social and happy of all the temperaments. They are energised by change and spur-of-the-moment decisions. They are usually positive people and like to talk, and talk, and talk. A breakdown of the Choleric Child: The final temperament, and the focus of our blog today, is the choleric child: Outline of the Choleric Temperament The choleric child can be described as the ‘hero’ child. They are highly motivated, results-driven people who always want to win. They have intense interests in many different things and always achieve well in whatever they do. They are ambitious and will take on projects, sports, and activities with lots of energy, often dominating other kids in the process. They are born leaders, but sometimes they can be so focused on results that they overlook feelings and may lack compassion. Traits of a choleric child Confident and assertive Self-motivated Energetic Decisive Goal orientated Can be quick-tempered and often irritable May have control issues. Tips on how to support a choleric child The choleric child is not a walk in the park, but they are certainly a fun ride and a constant source of pride for parents. They have big personalities and they need “big” parenting and positive reinforcement in all teaching. Here are some tips on how to support a choleric child: Choleric children are often so driven, that when they don’t win they have a tendency to take it very hard. Parents and teachers need to offer positive verbal cues and an analytical situation assessment, which will help them to see the bigger picture and to recognise that lessons learned are often the real ‘win’. Choleric children are outspoken and say whatever comes to mind. They do this because they are analytical, not emotional, and can sometimes be out of touch with other people’s feelings. Here, parents and teachers need to slow the choleric child down and to encourage them to think before they speak and to consider the perspective and feelings of others. Choleric children have an innate need to control and often dominate situations. While this leads to natural leadership roles, at other times this can be overbearing to other children. Parents and teachers must acknowledge the choleric child’s need for control and allocate “important” tasks to them that they can self-manage. A choleric child will have a strong desire to try new things and will make it their mission to conquer those things. Parents and teachers, don’t stand in their way! Get behind them with the tools, lessons, books, and people, who will be able to give them the best shot at achieving. A choleric child has a need for independence. They want to do it on their own because they want you to be proud of them when it’s done. Parents and teachers, you need to offer the choleric child trust. Nobody wants their child to burn themselves with fire, but if you teach a choleric child to build a fire properly, then step back and allow them to do it – they will surprise you with how well it will be done. Choleric children can often become frustrated because things are not moving as fast as they need them to or because they are not in control of the situation. This can cause conflict with their peers, parents, and teachers alike. Parents and teachers be patient. Allow the choleric child the time to cool down, then discuss the matter with them in a mature, quiet, and caring way.
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